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Psychological Defense Mechanisms And Coping Behavior: Parenting Of Young Children With Psychological Developmental Disorders
Original price was: ₦8,000.00.₦5,000.00Current price is: ₦5,000.00. Add to cartPsychological Defense Mechanisms And Coping Behavior: Parenting Of Young Children With Psychological Developmental Disorders
Abstract
The study was carried out to investigate the psychological defense mechanisms and the coping behavior of parents raising children with psychological developmental disorders. 190 parents of children under the age of 3 with psychological developmental disorders participated in the study. Developmental and psychomotor retardation levels in children was confirmed by the result of psycho diagnostic examination which made it possible to determine features of motor, speech, cognitive, socio- emotional spheres and every day adaptation. To investigate the defense mechanism of parents of children with developmental retardation, the following techniques where use: Psychological diagnostics of lifestyle index; Diagnostic methodology of coping behavior in stressful situations; Strategic diagnostics of impunity behavior in conflict situations. The analysis of the results showed that the most typical was the mechanism of psychological defense such as projection for all parents regardless of their children’s degree of mental retardation. A comparative analysis made it possible to establish that the parents of children with a high degree of mental retardation were significantly more inherent to use unconsciously such mechanisms of psychological protection like denial, displacement and reaction formation. Parents whose children have a high level of mental retardation were more likely to use coping behavior that reflects orientation towards avoidance
Original price was: ₦8,000.00.₦5,000.00Current price is: ₦5,000.00. -
Psychological Intervention Outcome Of In-Patients Referred For Insight Oriented Therapy In Federal Neurosychiatric Hospital, Yaba Lagos
₦3,000.00 Add to cartPsychological Intervention Outcome Of In-Patients Referred For Insight Oriented Therapy In Federal Neurosychiatric Hospital, Yaba Lagos
Abstract
Insight has been found to be an integral component that ensures success in most psychiatry
treatment. It appears that, the more the client can understand the cause of the illness, the
greater their chances of resolving their unpleasant experience. Insight-oriented
psychotherapy is a client-centred therapy, a talk therapy that guides clients toward
developing and understanding of self. It assumes that the client is healthy and their problem
is a result of faulty-thinking. This study focused on testing the efficacy of insight oriented
therapy in improving participants’ level of illness awareness. Forty three (43) inpatients
from a federal government mental health facility were purposively selected based on
referrals for individualized insight oriented therapy for a 12-session program. Participants
responded to Beck Cognitive Insight Scale prior and after intervention (pre-posttest).The
participants were made up of 23 males and 20 females with an average age of 32.21 9.31
who entered therapy session upon referrals. The results revealed that insight oriented
therapy had a significant impact on the level of the study sample’s insight
[ t(42)= 47.429 p<.01]. Conclusively, insight oriented therapy has been
found in this study to be efficacious in the management of patient with poor insight. Authors
suggested that more clinical trials should be carried out to test It’s efficacy in larger samples
and with control samples.₦3,000.00 -
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Psychological Intervention To Break The Cycle Of Violence And Accelerate Public Safety, Security And Development (With Special Reference To Africa)
Original price was: ₦8,000.00.₦5,000.00Current price is: ₦5,000.00. Add to cartPsychological Intervention To Break The Cycle Of Violence And Accelerate Public Safety, Security And Development (With Special Reference To Africa)
Abstract
Pervasive and unrelenting violence threatens the safety and security of women and
children, present day survival and collective future of the people in various communities
and nations, across the globe. This tragic crisis has become one of the most serious
issues compelling the increasing attention of governments, at all levels, scholars in
traumatic stress studies, psychology, psychiatry, contemporary medicine, human
development, military and police administrators. Countries and communities are being
destroyed by violence. Images and accounts of violence pervade the media; it is on the
streets, homes, schools, workplaces and institutions. It has become a universal scourge
that tears at the fabric of society. In a world desperate to comprehend, address and
arrest the seemingly ever-enlarging explosion of violence and its psychological
aftermath, the Three-Dimensional Psychological Intervention Strategy (3-DPIS) Model
has been developed to explain the underlying factors that perpetuate violence in society
and the 3-DPIS Model to holistically address these factors and break the vicious circle
(Igboegwu, 2016).
Original price was: ₦8,000.00.₦5,000.00Current price is: ₦5,000.00. -
Psychometric Properties of Thinking Style Inventory in Nigeria: A Preliminary Investigations
₦3,000.00 Add to cartPsychometric Properties of Thinking Style Inventory in Nigeria: A Preliminary Investigations
Abstract
The present study was on the investigations of the psychometric properties of Sternberg
Thinking Style Inventory (TSI) in Nigeria. Eight hundred and seventy eight (878) adult
participants recruited from 3 cardinal regions representing 3 major ethnic groups in Nigeria
were involved in the study. They included 587 males and 291 females from diverse
occupations including teaching, civil service, military, police, clergy and university
undergraduates. TSI by Sternberg and Wagner (1991) was administered to the participants
to determine the construct validity of the 13 different subscales of the instrument in Nigerian
participants. Exploratory factor analysis, reliability statistics and 2 WAY MANOVA statistics
were used for data analysis. The result of the study showed one factor extraction using the
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) at eigen value greater than 1.However when the
method of percentile of variance extracted was used (Pett, Lackey & Sullivan, 2003) 6
components were extracted. Conversely moderate positive correlations existed among the
various subscale of the TSI. On the other hand significant occupation differences were found
among various occupations on TSI suggesting good level of discriminatory validity based on
occupation. However, TSI did not correlate with measure of cognitive mental task called
puzzle game. Overall, TSI showed to be a promising inventory for Nigeria population but
more research works are needed to position the inventory for Nigerian use.Authors:
Valentine A. Ucheagwu
Department of Psychology, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Igbariam Campus
Bernard Chine
Department of Psychology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
Rita N. Ugokwe-Ossai
Department of Psychology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
Jesse P. Ossai
Department of Psychology, Imo State University, Owerri
₦3,000.00 -
Psychotherapeutic Practice Experience In Yaba Psychiatric Hospital, Lagos
₦3,000.00 Add to cartPsychotherapeutic Practice Experience In Yaba Psychiatric Hospital, Lagos
Abstract
Review of previous studies shows that psychotherapy helps people make positive changes in their lives. In psychotherapy, psychological principle and scientifically validated procedures help people develop healthier, more effective habits and positive coping skills. In Yaba, referral for psychotherapy ranges from 50-60 clients, for both in and out clients, in the hospital per week. Clinical experiences validate previous scientific reports of psychotherapeutic efficacy in managing behaviour disorders. Hospital based psychotherapy is a collaborative management that builds on the relationship between client(s) and the therapist and it provides a supportive environment for both the therapist and the clients. There are different approaches to psychotherapy, in the hospital, with different and unique theoretical perspectives. Each theoretical perspective acts as a roadmap to help the therapist understand their clients, their problems and develop solutions. It could also take various forms, including individual, family, marital and group. This paper is an attempt to present the psychotherapeutic approaches and practice experiences in Yaba Psychiatric Hospital. Sharing our experiences with other professional colleagues will not only serve as scientific information that have the potential for practice adjustment to professional colleagues in other centres but may also provide some ingredients of improvement to our centre’s clinical practice. This paper is an attempt to present the psychotherapeutic approaches and practice experiences in Yaba Psychiatric Hospital. Sharing our experiences with other professional colleagues will not only serve as scientific information that has the potential for practice adjustment to professional colleagues in other centres, but may also provide some ingredients of improvement to our centre’s clinical practice.
Key words: Psychotherapy, Hospital, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Yaba, Psychotherapeutic Practice
Ajirotutu, O., Akinnawo, E. O. and Akinniyi, O.,
Department of Behavioural Studies,
Redeemer’s University, Ede.
Email:tayoajirotutu2000@yahoo.com, estaaks:26@gmail.com
₦3,000.00 -
Psychotherapeutic Values of Igbo Healing Practices: The ‘Umunna Psychotherapy’
₦3,000.00 Add to cartPsychotherapeutic Values of Igbo Healing Practices: The ‘Umunna Psychotherapy’
Abstract
It had been observed by some researchers that psychotherapy should include effective emotional
healing activities of African traditional healers, religious faith healers, and African originated
forms of psychotherapy. This has not been achieved. To this effect, this study investigated how the
Igbo healing practices can be harnessed into psychotherapy interventions and techniques. The
main argument here is that Igbo traditional healing practices both the cultural and religious,
have definable psychotherapeutic values; hence, the need to provide some theoretical and
practical bases for recognition and adaptation of these practices into general and specific forms
of psychotherapy.
The research adopted a qualitative approach based on key informant interview (KII) of
four purposively selected native doctors, four spiritual kings and four clergy men: two Catholic
priests and two Protestant pastors from a purposively selected local government area in Anambra
State, Idemili North, in the Southeast Nigeria. Intensive structured interview method, where seven
specific questions were used to elicit information as concerned both the spiritual and traditional
‘psychotherapeutic practices of the Igbo people’ was adopted. The information gathered were
thematically analyzed based on the information of the participants, principles of Gestalt
psychology and macro ethical categorizations, and the general Igbo philosophy and world-view,
especially as express in idioms, names and proverbs; and in comparison to euro-western views of
psychotherapy.
The results revealed that ‘psychotherapy’ had been in existence in Igbo cultural traditions
for a very long time; having diagnosis (includes listening, questioning, examinations,
consultations, divination) and interventions (involves sacrifices and ikpu alu, among others) as its
major procedural parts. It also revealed the Igbo Concept and Sources of Psychopathology, and
Some Qualities that are Common to Most Igbo ‘Psychotherapists’. It also revealed that the most
popular technique in use is the ‘Umunna’-centered technique. Cultural aptness, acceptability,
affordability, availability, effectiveness, low cost, inclusivity, wholesome restoration, zero percent
chance of relapse and adoptability were found as some major advantages of Umunna
‘psychotherapy’. It was also observed to provide high levels of psychological, spiritual and social
supports for the clients, and these in turn, lead to high restoration of eudemonia within a
calculated period, both of the client and his/her umunna. Though simple and unique, it covers a
wide range of psychotherapeuticism. However, the issue of confidentiality is of no interest to the
Umunna psychotherapy.
Based on the values found, the study recommends Umunna ‘psychotherapy’ to all
psychotherapists, both as a type and a technique, and both within and outside the Igbo cultural
regions.Author:
Innocent U.O. Ejiofo,
Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Email: udobuchinno@yahoo.com
₦3,000.00 -
Psychotherapy And Counselling
₦3,000.00 Add to cartPsychotherapy And Counselling
Abstract
Counseling and psychotherapy must be adapted to meet the developmental needs of children.
It is generally held to be one part of an effective strategy for some purposes and not for
others. In addition to therapy for the child, or even instead of it, children may benefit if their
parents speak to a therapist, take parenting classes, attend grief counseling, or take other
actions to resolve stressful situations that affect the child. Parent management training is a
highly effective form of psychotherapy that teaches parents skills to reduce their child’s
behavior problems.. Psychotherapy can be said to have been practiced through the ages.
Historically, psychotherapy has sometimes meant “interpretative” (i.e. Freudian) methods,
namely psychoanalysis, in contrast with other methods to treat psychiatric disorders such as
behavior modification. Psychotherapy may be delivered in person, one on one or in groups,
over the phone via telephone counseling, or via the internet. Psychotherapists may be mental
health professionals, professionals from other backgrounds trained in a specific therapy, or
in some cases non-professionals. Psychiatrists are first trained as physicians. One major aim
of couselling is that it helps people identify problems and crises and encourages them to take
positive steps to resolve these issues, as psychotherapy helps people with psychological
problems that have built up over the course of a long period of time. Counselling and
psychotherapy employ various techniques and strategies to resolve issues or behavioural
problems. Therapy may address specific forms of diagnosable mental illness, or everyday
problems in managing or maintaining interpersonal relationships or meeting personal goals.
A course of therapy may happen before, during or after pharmacotherapy (e.g. taking
psychiatric medication).₦3,000.00 -
Psychotherapy And Counselling: Attitudes Toward Mental Health Seeking Services In Nigeria
₦3,000.00 Add to cartPsychotherapy And Counselling: Attitudes Toward Mental Health Seeking Services In Nigeria
Abstract
This paper explored the attitudes of Nigerians toward mental health seeking services with
regards to the reality of psychotherapy and counseling in Nigeria. Some cultural variables
that fuel the supposed neglect of the mental health issues in Nigeria were highlighted and
way-forward offered. Culture and society tend to influence all spheres of life including
mental health, mental illness, and mental health services. In view of this fact it becomes
pertinent to develop mental health services that would be more acceptable to the culture and
social environment where recipients are located. In addition, victims of mental health
challenges are reassured to feel safe in the hands of counsellors and psychotherapists, as
they passionately abhor stigmatization, social distancing and numerous cultural obnoxious
treatments to individuals impacted by mental health disorders or illnesses in Nigeria.Authors: Catherine (Kate) N. Ekwe 1and Chijioke E. Ohuakanwa 2
Department of Educational Foundations and Counselling Research Unit,
Gender & Women Studies,
Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria.
1E-mail: ekwekay@gmail.com
2E-mail: chijiokeohuakanwa@gmail.com
₦3,000.00 -
Psychotherapy And Effective Counseling In Social Casework Practice
₦3,000.00 Add to cartPsychotherapy And Effective Counseling In Social Casework Practice
Abstract
Counseling is a process in which the counselor assists the counselee to make interpretation
of facts relating to a choice, plan, or adjustment. This assistance may take many forms such
as educational, vocational, social, personal, emotional and moral. While psychotherapy is
the treatment of mental illness by discussing somebody’s problems with them rather than
giving them drugs. This paper attempts to look at how professional counseling should be
done, the key difference between the two courses of therapeutic communication treatment
and how do contemporary theories of counseling work with families’ adjustment and solving
problem. The study was conducted using secondary method of data. The secondary sources
used data from internet, newspapers and journal articles. The paper recommends the need
for psychotherapy and counseling practice in Nigeria; for a long time, the problem of
integration of the different ethnic groups in Nigeria may well be a problem which
psychotherapy and counseling may help to solve.Authors: Martin Likeing1 and Adaka S.Sunday2
Department of Sociology,
Federal University Lafia, Nigeria.
1Email: limatchat@yahoo.com
2Email: sunnidaka@yahoo.com
₦3,000.00 -
Psychotherapy And Private Practice: Why We Are Still Lagging Behind
₦3,000.00 Add to cartPsychotherapy And Private Practice: Why We Are Still Lagging Behind
Abstract
This paper focuses on the failure of psychotherapy in private practice, classifying the lapses
in the practice resulting to the unimportance in the practice among Nigerian Clinical
Psychologist. It also defines the practical roles of the Psychologist in enhancement of the
practice. This paper relied on books and oral interviews as source of information in the
course of development. It argued that no time is late that psychotherapeutic practice can be
encouraged and sustained in Nigeria, outlining the steps in order to achieve this objectives.
This paper will provide valuable information regarding learning, knowledge and answer the
question which a lot of young Psychologist has been asking “is there a hope for us in this our
profession”. Hence the findings will be useful in policy making, therapeutic purposes and
bases for further research.Authors:
Dozie Nwafor,
Department of Psychology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
dozie2001ng@yahoo.com
Okoye Chukwuemeka, A. F.,
Department of Psychology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
drokoyecaf@ gmail.com, okoyecaf@unizik.edu.ng
Okonkwo Ikechukwu C.
Department of Psychology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
okonkwoikechukwuc@gmail.com
₦3,000.00 -
Psychotherapy And Rehabilitation Of Students With Behavioural Disorders In Nigeria
₦3,000.00 Add to cartPsychotherapy And Rehabilitation Of Students With Behavioural Disorders In Nigeria
Absract
Research into the myriad of factors that could promote mental well-being of young adults in
the institution of higher learning would continue unabated as long as the subject matter,
Risky behaviour remains potent to psychologists, mental health workers, and other
significant care givers. This study evaluated the efficacy of psychotherapy and rehabilitation
program in reducing behavioural disorders and risky lifestyle of Babcock University students
returning from one year behavioural sanction. Eighty-Seven students (71.26% male and
28.78% female) suspended for various violation/misconduct were asked to sign a behavioural
contract with the consent of their parent/guardians and consequently, completed the
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 structured form (MMPI-2).About 75% of the
students reported high T-score on emotional Internalizing Dysfunction EID, Thought
Dysfunction THD, and Behavioural/External Dysfunction BXD. The students were assigned
to two session psychotherapeutic treatment per week and three hours weekly group emotional
competent training. At the end of the academic semester post-intervention, significant
reduction on all measures as well as reduction in risky behaviour and high emotional
intelligent were observed among the students. Overall, psychosocial support was found for
the efficacy of the program. It is thus recommended that those working on young adults with
behavioural disorders should seriously consider redemptive approach that is, psychotherapy,
emotional fitness training and socio-spiritual reintegration.Nwaka, E. Promisen; Aniemeka, Onyeka O.;
Adelakin, A.O; & Banjo, Oluwafikayomi O.
Department of Behavioural Studies
Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
Emails: promisenn@yahoo.com; aniemekaonyeka@gmail.com
₦3,000.00 -
Psychotherapy And Religion
₦3,000.00 Add to cartPsychotherapy And Religion
Abstract
Religion and psychotherapy have long maintained separate directions, currently manifested
in four viewpoints: orthodox, atheistic, neutralist, and moderate. Although each therapeutic
viewpoint is distinct, each contains the seed for rapprochement. This article explores the
prospects for therapeutic integration between religion and contemporary psychotherapy.
There is a growing trend to seek alternative, complementary and religious healing not only
as a reaction to Western theoretical postulations but also to the mindset of ‘‘faith’’. Religious
therapy aims to establish harmony and balance within the individual through the interface of
the mind and spirit. Through this process religious healing offers a holistic conceptualization
of wellness and wellbeing, both within the individual, and between the individual and his or
her creator. It has been observed that, Increasing numbers of ministers now receive
professional preparation for pastoral therapy. The need for a rapprochement that provides
professional psychotherapy capable of addressing religious issues is clearly voiced by
laypersons, who are clients or potential clients, and by members of the clergy and
psychotherapeutic professions. This paper proposes that It is timely for those in the
psychotherapy professions to consider seriously specialized education and certification in
religious therapy for secular psychotherapists.Author:
Francis Bala Aku Akwash
akwash03@yahoo.com
₦3,000.00 -
Psychotherapy And Traditional Healing
₦3,000.00 Add to cartPsychotherapy And Traditional Healing
Abstract
Multicultural advocates within professional psychology routinely call for “culturally
competent” counseling interventions. Such advocates frequently cite and celebrate
traditional healing practices as an important resource for developing novel integrative forms
of psychotherapy that are distinctively tailored for diverse populations. Despite this interest,
substantive descriptions of specific forms of traditional healing vis-à-vis psychotherapy have
appeared infrequently in the psychology literature. This article explores the prospects for
therapeutic integration between traditional healing and contemporary psychotherapy. There
is a growing trend to seek alternative, complementary and traditional healing not only as a
reaction to Western biomedicine but also to the mindset of ‘‘talking heads’’ in
psychotherapy. Traditional healing aims to restore harmony and balance within the
individual through a symbiosis of the body, mind and spirit. Through this process traditional
healing offers a holistic conceptualization of wellness and wellbeing, both within the
individual, and between the individual and his or her environment. Comparative studies on
alternative healing practices indicate that many patients/clients often see a mental health
professional and a traditional healer concurrently. This paper considers the use of
traditional healing alongside Western counselling psychology as a process of dual
interventions for clients who engage traditional healing practices alongside psychotherapy.Authors:
Francis Bala Aku Akwash
akwash03@yahoo.com
₦3,000.00 -
Psychotherapy in a Hospital
₦3,000.00 Add to cartPsychotherapy in a Hospital
Abstract
This paper examines the nature of Psychotherapy, determining its role in the hospital
settings, and presents the case of the role of counseling intervention among discordant
couples in NAUTH prep demonstration project. Four couples, who tested positive to HIV
due to pre-wedding investigation (three females, one male,) and two others, a male and a
female who tested positive following community HIV awareness, were followed for three
months: March – June 2016. The objective was to access the behavioural changes of these
clients in the process of enrolment to Prep. These clients were interviewed on four issues:
their concerns about positive status, feeling of guilt and stigma, suicidal thoughts and what
helped them to resolve their worries. One of the males was concerned about his health, three
of the females were concerned about their marriages, and one male had no worry. All of
them expressed feeling bad because of the stigmatization associated with the virus. Three of
them had suicidal thoughts, but were reassured of hope after counseling. All said counseling
helped them resolve their worries. Counseling /psychotherapy have been identified as sine
qua non for patients on HAART to achieve effective viral suppression and act as immune
boaster for patients on Positive Living.Author: Okpaleke Uche Victoria
Department of Psychology
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Igbariam Campus,
ucheokpaleke1@yahoo.com 08136006928
₦3,000.00 -
Psychotherapy In Nigeria
₦3,000.00 Add to cartPsychotherapy In Nigeria
Abstract
There is no exact word for psychotherapy in many Nigerian languages, numbering over 250.
But equivalent words exist for expression such as counselling and cognitive behaviour
therapy. The practice of these arts predated the advent of the Europeans. When modern
psychology arrived in our shores, we naturally adopted the Euro-American models of
psychotherapy. All that makes psychotherapy necessary can be found in our country: trauma
due to child abuse, and neglect, abuse of human dignity, tribal wars, political conflict,
poverty, migration and stress-provoking lifestyles, among others. The Aro village system
developed by Lambo is an attestation to the usefulness of some of our native approaches and
to the efficacy of social support that is inherent in the African traditional system. The
introduction of a bilingual group psychotherapy at Aro in the early 1990 was a natural
follow-up to this development. Group therapy is the most popular form of psychotherapy as it
is practised in most teaching hospitals and psychiatric establishments. Meseron therapy and
harmony restoration therapy are the two foremost indigenous approaches to psychotherapy
in Nigeria. Meseron therapy is cognitive-behavioural in orientation while harmony
restoration therapy is existential-phenomenological. Other therapies commonly taught and
practised include: Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy; Cognitive Behaviour Therapy;
Behaviour Therapy; The Psychodynamic Therapies, etc. Modern psychotherapy services are
available in private clinics/consultations, schools, hospitals and medical centres. The
services are offered by a wide variety of professionals ranging from clinical psychologists
and psychiatrist, to social workers, nurses and pastors. At present, focused training in
psychotherapy is inadequate, in spite of the efforts by the universities and the Nigerian
Association of Clinical Psychologists. This is an important lacuna that the School of
Psychotherapy and Health Sciences, Okija, has come to fill.Alfred Awaritefe
Department of Mental Health, School of Medicine,
College of Medical Sciences,
University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.
Email: alfawa2000@gmail.com
₦3,000.00 -
Psychotherapy In The Nigerian Armed Forces: Promoting Resilience Among Military Personnel And Their Families
₦3,000.00 Add to cartPsychotherapy In The Nigerian Armed Forces: Promoting Resilience Among Military Personnel And Their Families
Abstract
The Nigerian Armed Forces involved in military operations against Boko Haram insurgency
and terrorism in the North East, Nigeria have not developed formalized strategies aimed at
promoting the mental health and well-being of its personnel and their families.
Unfortunately, protracted exposure to insurgency attacks and the military counter actions
undertaken to contain these attacks have placed great stresses on the military personnel and
their families who have already been challenged by the frequent deployments and absences
of their spouses from home. These stresses are often presented in the form of social and
emotional problems amongst children at home and in school. The wives of service personnel
on the other hand are most vulnerable to depression and other psychological consequences
of insurgency attacks as they take on more family responsibilities due to the death or
physical and psychological incapacitation of their husbands. The personnel on their part
face other physical and mental health issues such as traumatic experiences, physical injuries,
depression, aggression, etc. Despite all these issues, the Nigerian Armed Forces have not put
in place measures to ensure the provision of psychotherapeutic treatment thereby building
and strengthening resilience for the personnel and their families. Psychotherapeutic
interventions which concentrate on changing the ideologies of individuals, helping them
resolve psychological issues and rehabilitation will ensure sound mental health and wellbeing
for the military personnel and their families. It is in this regard that the study examined
psychotherapy in the Nigerian Armed Forces for the purpose of developing resilience
strategies among military personnel and their familiesAuthor:
Philemon A. Agashua,
Department of Psychology,
Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna
₦3,000.00